Are they different? Yes, I did not realize the difference until the second year of my PhD degree, and was using the two terms interchangeably. So, here is a quick summary of the two.
A curriculum vitae (CV) is a collection of your entire education, skills and experiences. It is long and expands over time, but the existing content does not change. It has a standard format, and follows a chronological order.
A resume is a 1-2 page document that describes your objective, education, skills and experiences relevant to the job position that you are applying. It needs to be edited with respect to the job position that you are applying for, specifying how you are a good fit for that job opportunity. It has no specific format. Always use active voice. For example, I developed a web application, instead of, a web application was developed by me.
